Promotion of Pregnant Merino Ewes' Welfare with the Introduction of a Drought- and High-Temperature-Resistant Cereal into Their Diet: Analysis of Tritordeum Meadow.

Tritordeum is a new cereal resistant to drought and high temperatures, and it is a very healthy crop. The aim of this study was to compare two different diets (tritordeum meadow vs. oat meadow) for grazing pregnant ewes to determine if there was any effect on the objective physiological indicators of animal welfare. A total of 150 pregnant Merino ewes (3-5 years) were randomly divided into two groups (n = 75 each) to be fed with two different meadows, being evaluated during the spring season. Red blood cells count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cell count, neutrophiles/lymphocytes ratio, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, cortisol, total plasma proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin/globulins ratio, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, IgA, and IgG were determined. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the welfare of pregnant ewes fed with tritordeum meadow was better than that of pregnant ewes fed with oat meadow. Tritordeum meadow had a positive influence on the physiological parameters of animal welfare studied in pregnant Merino ewes. Therefore, tritordeum meadow can be considered a functional feed, as it has a beneficial effect on health beyond its basic nutritional value. Farmers are recommended to feed a cereal such as tritordeum grassland to their sheep, as it not only ensures that the animals benefit from all the nutrients, but also prevents diseases and improves their quality of life. In addition, the cereal's resistance to fungal diseases makes it suitable for use in sustainable production systems with a reduced environmental footprint.

Analytical and Chemometric Characterization of Sweet Pedro Ximénez Sherry Wine during Its Aging in a Criaderas y Solera System.

Pedro Ximénez is a naturally sweet sherry wine produced in southern Spain from raisined Pedro Ximénez grape must and aged using a traditional Criaderas y Solera system. Complete analytical characterization has been useful in determining which parameters are the most influential in the aging of this wine. The organic acids, volatile compounds (higher alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and acetals), and phenolic compounds of this wine evolve during its aging, mainly through physico-chemical reactions and the contributions of wood compounds. During their aging, Pedro Ximénez sherry wines develop their organoleptic profiles, as tasting sessions have confirmed. A strong correlation between the aging of a wine and the parameters analyzed has also been corroborated through an MLR analysis. This allowed for the development of a model that, by using just 8 of the variables considered in the study, led to the determination of wine samples' ages at over 97% confidence. This constitutes a rather useful tool for wineries to control Pedro Ximénez sherry wine aging processes.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Docking Studies of Open-Chain Carbohydrate Amides as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial syndrome, which is not yet fully understood, causing memory loss, dementia, and, ultimately, death. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the mainstay drugs that are used in disease-symptomatic treatment. In this work, we report a new synthetic route yielding sugar amides as low to moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. METHODS: Commercially available diacetone glucose was converted into perbenzyl D-glucono-1,4- lactone, which reacted with aromatic or aliphatic amines to afford the corresponding new amides in a high isolated yield. Docking studies of the most promising hydroxybutylamide and benzylamide were performed to assign binding interactions with acetylcholinesterase and determine the key features for bioactivity. RESULTS: The inhibitors are accommodated in enzyme gorge, blocking the access to Ser203 mainly due to π-π stacking interactions of sugar benzyl groups with the aromatic gorge residues, Tyr337 and Tyr341 for both inhibitors and Trp439 only for the hydroxybutylamide. CONCLUSION: Bonding is also significant through sugar interaction with the residues Tyr124 and Ser125-OH in both inhibitors. Flexibility of these open-chain structures seems to be quite relevant for the observed binding to acetylcholinesterase.

Calidad de vida en pacientes atendidos durante la primera fase del tratamiento de ortodoncia / Quality of life in patients treated during the frst phase of orthodontic treatment

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de vida en pacientes que se encuentran en la primera fase de tratamiento de ortodoncia, ofrecido por un programa de docencia-servicio de educación superior en la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de ortodoncia. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 104 pacientes. Se empleó un cuestionario estructurado de 12 ítems para evaluar información sociodemográfca. Para estudiar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal (CVRSB), la cual fue medida con el OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profle 14) validado en el idioma español y datos clínicos tomados en el momento de la consulta odontológica. Resultados: el promedio de edad de los participantes fue de 25,7 ± 12,1 años, edad mínima de 12 y máxima de 60. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente signifcativas en los mayores de 30 años y con estudios superiores, principalmente en la extensión y la severidad del impacto en la calidad de vida. Respecto al OHIP-14, el mayor impacto lo presentaron aquellos con apiñamiento severo (8,1 RIC=13), mordida borde a borde (8,0 RIC=6) y relación molar clase III (9,0 RIC=10), con diferencias estadísticamente signifcativas. Conclusiones: este estudio permitió evidenciar que, en general, el impacto en la calidad de vida del OHIP-14 en los pacientes fue bueno durante la primera fase del tratamiento y que las diferencias están relacionadas con la edad, nivel de escolaridad y características oclusales, tales como apiñamiento, overbite y relación molar.

Objective: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with orthodontic treatment in the frst phase of treatment who consult in a higher education teaching-service program in the city of Medellín. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the patients treated in the orthodontic service. The sample consisted of a total of 104 patients. A 12-item structured questionnaire was used with sociodemographic information, regarding quality of life related to oral health (QOLHR), which was measured with the OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profle 14) validated in the Spanish language and clinical data taken at the time of the dental consultation. Results: The average age of the participants was 25.7 ± 12.1 years, with a minimum age of 12 and a maximum of 60. Statistically signifcant diferences were found in those over 30 years of age and with higher education, mainly in the extension and severity of impact on quality of life. Regarding OHIP-14, the greatest impact was presented by those with severe crowding (8.1 IQR=13), edge-to-edge bite (8.0 IQR=6) and class III molar relationship (9.0 IQR=10), with Statistically signifcant diferences. Conclusions: This study made it possible to show that in general the impact of the quality of life of OHIP-14 in patients was good in the frst phase of treatment and that the diferences are related to age, level of education and its dimensions with occlusal characteristics such as such as crowding, overbite and molar relationship of the patients reported during orthodontic treatment.

A Study on the Influence of the Use of Sulphur Dioxide, the Distillation System and the Aging Conditions on the Final Sensory Characteristics of Brandy.

Brandy is a unique alcoholic beverage obtained from wine distillates. Numerous studies have been published on its physicochemical traits and the effect of certain elaboration variables on them, but not many studies have been carried out from a sensory point of view or that have followed standardized methods applicable to this discipline. This study intends to determine the effect that certain production variables have on the sensory characteristics of brandy. These variables are the following: The use of sulphur dioxide during the fermentation of the base wine, the subsequent distillation system, the alcohol content during aging, the botanical origin of the aging casks, and their toasting degree. For this purpose, the guidelines provided by the ISO standards for sensory analysis have been followed, and chromatic parameters have also been determined. Heavy extractions from Quercus petraea casks resulted in brandies with widely varying colors, although these were hard to distinguish using the olfactory and gustatory properties associated with the factors under study. Conversely, those brandies aged in Quercus alba casks presented very consistent greenish shades that are not traditionally associated with aged brandy. This lower extraction could explain why the aromatic traits that are found in the fresh spirit are better preserved when this type of oak is used. The spirit obtained through the distillation of SO2-free wines aged in Quercus robur presented average sensory characteristics: Good color, smooth in the mouth, and medium-intensity oak notes. The distillates that were aged at 55% ABV were later perceived as more aromatically intense with a greater oak note on the palate. On the other hand, the brandies obtained from wines without SO2 added were perceived as less alcoholic, sweeter, and more balanced, with a softer oak note.

A Theoretical Approximation of the Accelerating Effects of Ultrasound about the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Wood by Wine Spirits.

The acceleration on the extraction by the sonication of phenolic compounds (measured as the Total Phenolic Index) from wood chips by wine distillates is studied in the present paper. Using the Arrhenius equation, the theoretical temperature at which the kinetics obtained by these sonicated extraction processes are equal to the kinetics of non-sonicated and thermally accelerated extractions, was calculated. By applying a pseudo-second order kinetic model, it was shown that the initial rate values obtained from the sonicated extractions were as high as those obtained from the thermal extractions carried out at a temperature at least 2.5 °C higher than the real temperature at which the experiment was performed. Higher power densities lead to higher initial rates of extraction, although very high power densities decrease the amount of phenols in equilibrium, probably due to the degradation processes. Additionally, the positive synergy between the sonication and the movement of the recirculated distillate through wood chips was also stablished, obtaining a difference of temperature of at least,18.2 °C for the initial extraction rate and 7.0 °C for the equilibrium.

Analytical and Chemometric Characterization of Fino and Amontillado Sherries during Aging in Criaderas y Solera System.

Fino and Amontillado are Sherry wines, produced in Marco de Jerez area (southern Spain), and aged in Criaderas y Solera system. Fino Sherry wine follows a biological aging process, under a veil of flor yeasts, while Amontillado Sherry wine shares the same biological aging firstly, followed by oxidative aging, which gives them special features. Organic acids, esters, higher alcohols, phenolic compounds and total dry extract of Sherries evolve during aging due to evaporation processes, physical-chemical reactions, wood contributions and microbiological activity. During aging, Sherry wines improve their organoleptic profile, as could be proved in the tasting sessions. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Factor Analysis with factor extraction using Principal Components of Sherry wines studied were carried out and natural groupings of the wines according to the type of aging and their age were observed. A strong correlation between the parameters analyzed and the aging of each wine has been seen in the Multiple Linear Regression studies, establishing two different models, one for each type of Sherry wine, that, with only four of all the variables studied estimated the wine age with more than 99% of confidence. This constitutes a useful tool to control the age of these Sherry wines in the winery.

Aroma of Sherry Products: A Review.

Jerez (Sherry) is a well-known wine-producing region located in southern Spain, where world-renowned oenological products such as wines, vinegars, and brandies are produced. There are several factors that provide characteristic physical, chemical, and sensory properties to the oenological products obtained in this Sherry region: the climate in the area with hot summers, mild winters, and with limited rainfall; the raw material used consisting on Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez white grape varieties; the special vinification with fortified wines; and aging techniques such as a dynamic system of biological or oxidative aging. These special organoleptic characteristics are responsible for, among others, the aromatic profile of the wines, vinegars and brandies from the area, which explains why this is a subject that has been extensively researched over the years. This bibliographic review aims to compile the different scientific contributions that have been found to date, in relation with the aroma of the oenological products from the Sherry area (dry wines, sweet wines, vinegars, and brandies). We have mainly focused on the different analytical methodologies used and on the main analytes of interest.

HPLC-DAD-MS and Antioxidant Profile of Fractions from Amontillado Sherry Wine Obtained Using High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography.

In the present work, the polyphenolic profile of a complex matrix such as Amontillado sherry has been processed by means of high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS. An Amberlite XAD-7 column was used to obtain the wine extract, and three different biphasic solvent systems were applied for HSCCC separation: MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether)/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water (1.1/3/1.1/5+0.1% trifluoroacetic acid), MTBE/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water (2/2/1/5), and hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (1/5/1/5). As a result, 42 phenolic compounds and furanic derivatives have been identified by means of HPLC-DAD-MS, with 11 of them being identified for the first time in Sherry wines: 3-feruloylquinic acid, isovanillin, ethyl vanillate, furoic acid, dihydro-p-coumaric acid, 6-O-feruloylglucose, ethyl gallate, hydroxytyrosol, methyl protocatechuate, homoveratric acid and veratraldehyde. In addition, the antioxidant capacity (ABTS) of the obtained fractions was determined, revealing higher values in those fractions in which compounds such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, trans-caftaric acid, syringic acid, isovanillin or tyrosol, among others, were present. This is the first time that HSCCC has been used to characterize the phenolic composition of Sherry wines.

Bull horn injuries. A 40-year retrospective study with 572 patients.

BACKGROUND: Although bullfighting festivals were traditionally attributed to the cultural idiosyncrasies of the Ibero-American people, they also exist world-wide. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted, reviewing the medical records of patients treated on our service for bull horn injuries between January 1978 and December 2019. RESULTS: There were 572 admissions due to bull horn injuries. 54 of these patients had multiple injuries. The average annual admission was 13.6 patients. The most frequent injuries were located in the lower extremities, perineum, and abdomen. Forty-seven laparotomies were performed, revealing intra-abdominal visceral impairment on 39 occasions. The most frequently injured organs were the intestine and liver. The most frequent complications were skin devitalisation, infection and post-operative eventration. The recorded mortality was 0.87%. CONCLUSION: We wish to highlight the importance of injuries caused by bull horns worldwide. These are high-impact injuries with specific intrinsic characteristics that require regulated medical and surgical care.

Eficacia de los tratamientos para presbifonía en la población que envejece / Efficacy of treatments for presbyphonia in the aging population

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: La presbifonía aparece en personas mayores a causa del envejecimiento de las cuerdas vocales. Normalmente, la sintomatología comienza entre los 60-65 años, aunque puede aparecer antes, en torno a los 55 años. Es importante abordar a tiempo esta enfermedad, ya que la función vocal, y como consecuencia la calidad de vida de los pacientes, puede mejorar aplicando alguna de las diferentes técnicas de rehabilitación existentes. Un estudio reciente señala la relación entre padecer presbifonía y los problemas de depresión, soledad y aislamiento social. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los estudios acerca de la eficacia de los tratamientos para la presbifonía en la población que envejece. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda de estudios publicados en diferentes bases de datos entre enero de 2008 y abril de 2018. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 20 estudios que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Los resultados de la búsqueda señalan que los tratamientos utilizados en pacientes con presbifonía mejoran cualitativa y cuantitativamente su calidad vocal. La técnica más usada es la terapia de la voz, aunque en muchas ocasiones se complementa con otras técnicas médicas, como son la inyección y la cirugía de tiroplastia bilateral. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario impulsar la investigación de esta enfermedad, ya que existe un número reducido de estudios y la muestra de estos es pequeña. En Europa no se han publicado estudios sobre tratamientos eficaces para la presbifonía en personas mayores. Resultan necesarios protocolos en atención primaria de detección y tratamiento de este problema en la población mayor para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas que lo sufran

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Presbyphonia appears in elderly people due to aging of the vocal cords. Normally, symptoms start between the ages of 60 and 65, although they can appear earlier at around 55. It is important to address this pathology promptly, since vocal function and, as a consequence, the quality of life of these patients can be improved by applying some of the different rehabilitation techniques available. The objective of this paper is to review the studies on the efficacy of treatments for presbyphonia in the elderly population. METHOD: A search was made of studies published in different databases between January 2008 and April 2018. RESULTS: Twenty studies were selected that met the selection criteria. The results of the search indicate that the treatments used in patients with presbyphonia improve vocal quality qualitatively and quantitatively. The most used technique is voice therapy, although in many cases it is complemented by other medical techniques such as injection and bilateral thyroplasty surgery. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to promote investigation of this pathology, since there are few studies and their samples are small. In Europe, no studies on effective treatment for presbyphonia in the elderly have been published. Protocols are needed in primary care to detect and treat this problem in the elderly, to improve the quality of life of people who suffer it

Síndrome de la mama fantasma posmastectomía. Estudio de prevalencia y características clínicas en un hospital de tercer nivel / Post-mastectomy phantom breast syndrome. Study of prevalence and clinical characteristics in a tertiary hospital

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia y características del síndrome de la mama fantasma en nuestro entorno. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó una encuesta telefónica a 50 mujeres mastectomizadas entre los años 2002 y 2009 en el Hospital General Universitario de Castellón. Se preguntó sobre la presencia de dolor antes del diagnóstico de la enfermedad y de la cirugía, del síndrome de dolor posmastectomía y del síndrome de la mama fantasma, ampliando el interrogatorio en caso de respuesta afirmativa para conocer las características de la sintomatología, el momento de aparición, la frecuencia de aparición, la duración de la clínica y la necesidad o no de tratamiento farmacológico específico en cada síndrome. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos obtenidos. Resultados: El 76% de las mujeres interrogadas presentaron algún tipo de sensación extraña o dolorosa en la zona de la cicatriz mamaria, de las cuales el 65,8% presentó sensaciones no dolorosas y el 34,2% dolorosas. El síndrome de la mama fantasma apareció en el 38% de las mujeres interrogadas, y en muchos de los casos (31,6%) de las que respondieron afirmativamente se expresaba en forma de picor en el pezón ausente. Conclusiones: El síndrome de dolor posmastectomía y el síndrome de la mama fantasma son entidades poco conocidas, aunque prevalentes en nuestro medio. Tienen un carácter complejo y multifactorial, por lo que es importante conocerlas para conseguir un correcto tratamiento de las pacientes afectas, y así mejorar su calidad de vida

Objective: To determine the prevalence of post-mastectomy pain syndrome and phantom breast syndrome in our environment. Patients and methods: We performed a telephone survey of 50 women who underwent mastectomy between 2002 and 2009 in the General Hospital of Castellon (Spain). The women were asked about the presence of pain before diagnosis of the disease and surgery, post-mastectomy pain syndrome, and phantom breast syndrome. Women with symptoms were asked about their characteristics, time of onset, frequency, duration, and whether or not a specific pharmacological treatment was needed for each syndrome. A descriptive analysis was performed of the data obtained. Results: A total of 76% of the women surveyed had some kind of strange or painful sensation in the breast scar, 65.8% of whom had painless sensations and 34.2% had painful sensations. Phantom breast syndrome appeared in 38% of the surveyed women and manifested as an itch in the absent nipple in 31.6% of the women. Conclusions: Post-mastectomy pain syndrome and phantom breast syndrome are little known entities, although they prevalent in our environment. These syndromes are complex and multifactorial; therefore, familiarity with their characteristics is essential to provide affected women with proper treatment and improve their quality of life

Eosinofilia y hepatitis en el tratamiento con clozapina: a propósito de un caso / Eosinophilia and hepatitis in a patient on clozapina treatment: A case report

Introducción: Además de agranulocitosis, el tratamiento con clozapina se asocia con eosinofilia. Aunque es un efecto secundario poco conocido, tiene una incidencia similar a la primera y además es potencialmente grave, ya que puede afectar a órganos diana como el hígado. Presentación del caso: Varón con sintomatología psicótica que tras varias semanas de ingreso comienza tratamiento con clozapina por la falta de respuesta farmacológica. Coincidiendo con el inicio de la misma presenta eosinofilia junto con un aumento de las enzimas hepáticas que alcanzan niveles tóxicos, por lo que se procede a su retirada. Discusión: La eosinofilia inducida por la clozapina puede ser periférica y benigna o puede infiltrar órganos diana como el hígado, desencadenando una hepatitis potencialmente mortal. Conclusiones: A pesar de que la hepatitis secundaria al tratamiento con clozapina puede ser fulminante, los controles seriados de las enzimas hepáticas no se incluyen en el protocolo de seguimiento de dicho tratamiento

Introduction: In addition to agranulocytosis, treatment with clozapine is associated with eosinophilia. Although it is a little-known side effect, it has an incidence similar to the former, and is also potentially serious, since it can affect target organs, such as the liver. Presentation of the case: A male with psychotic symptoms, on whom, after several weeks in hospital, it was decided to start clozapine due to the lack of pharmacological response. Coinciding with starting the drug, he presented with eosinophilia, as well as increased liver enzymes that reached toxic levels. The drug was then withdrawn. Discussion: Eosinophilia induced by clozapine may be peripheral and benign, or it may infiltrate target organs such as the liver, triggering potentially life-threatening hepatitis. Conclusions: Although hepatitis secondary to treatment with clozapine may be fulminant, serial liver enzyme tests are not included in the follow-up protocol for this treatment

Synthesis of ß-galactosylamides as ligands of the peanut lectin. Insights into the recognition process.

The synthesis of mono and divalent ß-galactosylamides linked to a hydroxylated chain having a C2 symmetry axis derived from l-tartaric anhydride is reported. Reference compounds devoid of hydroxyl groups in the linker were also prepared from ß-galactosylamine and succinic anhydride. After functionalization with an alkynyl residue, the resulting building blocks were grafted onto different azide-equipped scaffolds through the copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Thus, a family of structurally related mono and divalent ß-N-galactopyranosylamides was obtained and fully characterized. The binding affinities of the ligands towards the model lectin PNA were measured by the enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). The IC50 values were significantly higher than that of galactose but the presence of hydroxyl groups in the aglycone chain improved lectin recognition. Docking and molecular dynamics experiments were in accordance with the hypothesis that a hydroxyl group properly disposed in the linker could mimic the Glc O3 in the recognition process. On the other hand, divalent presentation of the ligands led to lectin affinity enhancements.

Genetic basis of unstable expression of high gamma-tocopherol content in sunflower seeds.

BACKGROUND: Tocopherols are natural antioxidants with both in vivo (vitamin E) and in vitro activity. Sunflower seeds contain predominantly alpha-tocopherol (>90% of total tocopherols), with maximum vitamin E effect but lower in vitro antioxidant action than other tocopherol forms such as gamma-tocopherol. Sunflower germplasm with stable high levels of gamma-tocopherol (>85%) has been developed. The trait is controlled by recessive alleles at a single locus Tph2 underlying a gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (gamma-TMT). Additionally, unstable expression of increased gamma-tocopherol content in the range from 5 to 85% has been reported. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic basis of unstable expression of high gamma-tocopherol content in sunflower seeds. RESULTS: Male sterile plants of nuclear male sterile line nmsT2100, with stable high gamma-tocopherol content, were crossed with plants of line IAST-1, with stable high gamma-tocopherol content but derived from a population that exhibited unstable expression of the trait. F2 seeds showed continuous segregation for gamma-tocopherol content from 1.0 to 99.7%. Gamma-tocopherol content in F2 plants (average of 24 individual F3 seeds) segregated from 59.4 to 99.4%. A genetic linkage map comprising 17 linkage groups (LGs) was constructed from this population using 109 SSR and 20 INDEL marker loci, including INDEL markers for tocopherol biosynthesis genes. QTL analysis revealed a major QTL on LG 8 that corresponded to the gamma-TMT Tph2 locus, which suggested that high gamma-tocopherol lines nmsT2100 and IAST-1 possess different alleles at this locus. Modifying genes were identified at LGs 1, 9, 14 and 16, corresponding in most cases with gamma-TMT duplicated loci. CONCLUSIONS: Unstable expression of high gamma-tocopherol content is produced by the effect of modifying genes on tph2a allele at the gamma-TMT Tph2 gene. This allele is present in line IAST-1 and is different to allele tph2 present in line nmsT2100, which is not affected by modifying genes. No sequence differences at the gamma-TMT gene were found associated to allelic unstability. Our results suggested that modifying genes are mostly epistatically interacting gamma-TMT duplicated loci.

Demographic and clinical features of adolescents and young adults with alcohol-related disorders admitted to the psychiatric emergency room.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of alcohol related problems (ARP) among adolescents admitted to the Psychiatric Emergency Room (PER) and to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics. METHODS: The study was a retrospective review of admissions to the PER, where we reviewed the psychiatric records of all of the 14-30 year olds admitted to the PER during the three-month period between April 1st, 2003 and June 30th, 2003. Demographic and clinical data of subjects with and without ARP were compared. RESULTS: During the three-month time period, 108 patients between the age of 14 and 30 were admitted to the PER. 14 (13.2%) of these had ARP, and ARP tended to occur more in males (chi2 = 3.81; df=l; p = 0.05). The number of psychiatric diagnoses among those who had ARP was significantly higher than among those who did not have ARP (t = -3.12; df=104; p = 0.002). ARP were found to be associated with personality disorder and misuse of other substances. 37.5% of those adolescents and young adults with ARP had a personality disorder, while 13% of those without ARP had a personality disorder (chi2 = 4.64; df=1; p = 0.03). 50% of those with ARP consumed (an)other substance/s, while 12.0% of those patients without ARP consumed (an)other substance/s (chi2 = l2.48; df=1; p < 0.001). Of the female adolescents and young adults with ARP, 50% were admitted to PER after an episode of self-poisoning. CONCLUSION: ARP in young adults admitted to the PER for acute psychiatric care are associated with greater psychiatric comorbidity, especially personality disorders. In females, ARP may be associated with an increased risk for self-poisoning. Adequate detection of ARP in the PER could promote earlier specific interventions specifically tailored to ARP among adolescents and young adults.

Bradycardia related to hypoglycaemia.

Alterations in blood glucose levels are known to be involved in electrocardiogram changes. Various types of arrhythmias have been reported. We present here the case of an 81-year-old woman presenting with transient atrial fibrillation while being treated for hypoglycaemia with dextrose infusion, and finally developing a sinus rhythm. The presence of alterations in glucose blood levels should always be considered as a potential cause of transient atrial fibrillation.

Chemometric studies of vinegars from different raw materials and processes of production.

The phenolic composition, aroma compounds, and organic acid content of 83 vinegars have been determined. Multivariate analysis techniques have been used to classify these vinegar samples according to raw material (white wine, red wine, apple, honey, alcohol, balsamic, and malt) and production process (with and without aging in wood). Cluster analysis grouped the samples according to production process. Only apple and balsamic vinegars were separated from wine vinegars. Alcohol, honey, and malt vinegars were grouped with no aged wine vinegars. Linear discriminate analysis allowed a 88% differentiation according to raw material and 100% according to aging in wood. Besides, from the results obtained, a major role of the volatile compounds in the differentiation of the vinegar samples according to their aging period in wood can be seen.

Headspace solid-phase microextraction analysis of aroma compounds in vinegar. Validation study.

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was evaluated for analysing aromatic compounds in vinegar. The fibre used (a Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fibre), and the analytical conditions had been optimised in a previous work. The HS-SPME procedure developed shows detection and quantitation limits, and linear ranges adequate for analysing this type of compounds. The recoveries obtained were close to 100%, with repeatability values lower than 20%. However, considerable differences have been detected between different fibres. The method was applied to a variety of Sherry wine vinegars.

Estudio de contaminación por hidrocarburos y oxidantes fotoquímicos en la atmósfera de la ciudad de La Paz

Se realizo un estudio de la contaminacion atmosferica en la ciudad de La Paz, determinando hidrocarburos y oxidantes fotoquimicos (ozono y oxidos de nitrogeno). El estudio se basa en el muestreo en tres diferentes lugares, uno. con alto trafico vehicular como es El Prado,un barrio residencial como Sopocachi y un barrio periferico (Cota-Cota), las muestras fueron tomadas considerando la variacion horaria, diaria, semanal y por epocas o estaciones (epoca seca y epoca de lluvias). Los hidrocarburos se determinaron por el metodo de combustion fraccionada. En la determinacion de oxidos de nitrogeno se uso el metodo de G. Saltzam y para el ozono el del yoduro de potasio neutro tamponado , siendo estos dos ultimos, metodos colorimetricos, en los cuales, las muestras fueron leidas en un espectrofotometro U.V.-visible a las longitudes de onda especificas para cada uno de estos parametros. Se ha encontrado, que la atmosfera de la ciudad de La Paz esta contaminada con hidrocarburos, que se encuentran a concentraciones muy superiores a las admisibles segun normas internaconales. Las concentraciones de los oxidos de nitrogeno estan cercanas a los limites admisibles, especialmente en El Prado y en Sopocachi, mientras que el ozono se encuentra a niveles muy bajos.